Syria
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Syrian Arab Republic
????????? ??????? ???????
Al-Jumhuriyyah Al-‘Arabiyah As-Suriyyah
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: "Homat el Diyar"
"Guardians of the Land"
Capital
Damascus
33°30'N 36°18'E? / ?33.5°N 36.3°E? / 33.5; 36.3
Largest city
Aleppo
Official language(s)
Arabic1
Demonym
Syrian
Government
Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
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President
Bashar al-Assad
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Prime Minister
Wael Nader al-Halqi
Legislature
People's Council
Independence
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from France
17 April 1946
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from the United Arab Republic
28 September 1961
Area
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Total
185,180 km2 (89th)
71,479 sq mi
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Water (%)
1.1
Population
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July 2012 estimate
22,530,746 (53rd)
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Density
118.3/km2 (101st)
306.5/sq mi
GDP (PPP)
2010 estimate
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Total
$107.831 billion
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Per capita
$5,040
GDP (nominal)
2010 estimate
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Total
$59.957 billion
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Per capita
$2,802
HDI (2011)
0.632 (medium) (119th)
Currency
Syrian lira (SYP)
Time zone
EET (UTC+2)
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Summer (DST)
EEST (UTC+3)
Drives on the
Right
Internet TLD
.sy, ?????.
Calling code
9632
1
Arabic is the official language; spoken languages and varieties are: Syrian Arabic, North Mesopotamian Arabic, Kurmanji Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic,Circassian, Turkish
2
02 from Lebanon
Syria (/'s?ri?/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-?; Arabic: ?????? Suriyyah or ????? Suriya; Syriac: ?????, officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: ????????? ??????? ???????? Al-Jumhuriyyah Al-‘Arabiyah As-Suriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.The population of Syria is 74% Sunni (mostly Sunni Arabs, but also Kurds, Circassians and Turkomans), 13% Alawi and Shia (mostly Arabs), 10% Christian (Arab Christians, Assyrians and Armenians) and 3% Druze (sometimes considered part of Shia Islam). Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim. The majority of the Syrian population is Arab.The modern Syrian state was established after the First World War as a French mandate, and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Arab Levant. It gained independence in April 1946, as a parliamentary republic. The post-independence period was tumultuous, and a large number of military coups and coup attempts shook the country in the period 1949–1971. Between 1958 and 1961, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt, which was terminated by a military coup. Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens, and its system of government is considered to be non-democratic. Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad, who was in office from 1971.Syria is a member of one International organization other than the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement; it is currently suspended from the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and self suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean.Since March 2011, Syria has been embroiled in civil war in the wake of uprisings (considered an extension of the Arab Spring, the mass movement of revolutions and protests in the Arab world) against Assad and the neo-Ba'athist government. This conflict has resulted in sanctions by the international community aimed at trade and government officials by the countries of the Arab League, Australia, Canada, the European Union, (as well as the European countries of Albania, Croatia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, and Switzerland) Georgia, Japan, Turkey, and the United States.
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