Mitochondrial Eve
|
Haplogroup Modern humans
Possible time of origin
99,000 – 234,000 BP
Possible place of origin
East Africa
Ancestor
n/a
Descendants
Mitochondrial macro-haplogroups L0, L1, and L5
Defining mutations
None
In human genetics, Mitochondrial Eve is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA), in a direct, unbroken, maternal line, of all currently living humans, who is estimated to have lived approximately 100,000–200,000 years ago. This is the most recent woman from whom all living humans today descend, in an unbroken line, on their mother’s side, and through the mothers of those mothers, and so on, back until all lines converge on one person. Because all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) generally (but see paternal mtDNA transmission) is passed from mother to offspring without recombination, all mtDNA in every living person is directly descended from hers by definition, differing only by the mutations that over generations have occurred in the germ cell mtDNA since the conception of the original "Mitochondrial Eve".Mitochondrial Eve is named after mitochondria and the biblical Eve. Unlike her biblical namesake, she was not the only living human female of her time. However, her female contemporaries, excluding her mother, failed to produce a direct unbroken female line to any living person in the present day.Mitochondrial Eve is estimated to have lived between 99,000 and 200,000 years ago, most likely in East Africa, when Homo sapiens sapiens (anatomically modern humans) were developing as a population distinct from other human sub-species.Mitochondrial Eve lived later than Homo heidelbergensis and the emergence of Homo neanderthalensis, but earlier than the out of Africa migration.The dating for "Eve" was a blow to the multiregional hypothesis and a boost to the theory of the origin and dispersion of modern humans from Africa, replacing more "archaic" human populations such as Neanderthals. As a result, a consensus emerged among anthropologists that the latter theory was more plausible.Analogous to the Mitochondrial Eve is the Y-chromosomal Adam, the member of Homo sapiens sapiens from whom all living humans are descended patrilineally. The inherited DNA in the male case is his nuclear Y chromosome rather than the mtDNA. Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam need not have lived at the same time. For example, Y-chromosomal Adam has been estimated to have lived during a wide range of times from 180,000 to 581,000 years ago, while a 2013 paper concluded that he lived between 120,000 and 156,000 years ago (however, this paper did not include some Cameroonians and one African American, who did not inherit their Y from that "Adam").
^ Pedro Soares et al 2009, Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock. and its Supplemental Data. The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 84, Issue 6, 740–759, 4 June 2009
^ "Jordan: 'Mitochondrial Eve'". weber.ucsd.edu. 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
^ Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson AC (1987), "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution", Nature 325 (6099): 31–36, Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C, doi:10.1038/325031a0, PMID 3025745
^ Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N; et al. (June 2009), "Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock", Am. J. Hum. Genet. 84 (6): 740–59, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001, PMC 2694979, PMID 19500773 .University of Leeds – New 'molecular clock' aids dating of human migration history
^ a b Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (August 2013). "Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females". Science 341 (6145): 562–565. doi:10.1126/science.1237619. PMID 23908239.
^ 'Your Genetic Journey' – The Genographic Project
^ Endicott, P; Ho, SY; Metspalu, M; Stringer, C (September 2009), "Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution", Trends Ecol. Evol. (Amst.) 24 (9): 515–21, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.006, PMID 19682765
^ Dawkins, Richard (2004), The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-00583-8
^ Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark (7 March 2013), "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" (PDF), American Journal of Human Genetics 92 (3): 454, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002, PMC 3591855, PMID 23453668 (primary source)
^ a b Barras, Colin (6 March 2013). "The father of all men is 340,000 years old". New Scientist. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
^ Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013). "Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny". Science 341 (6145): 565–569. doi:10.1126/science.1237947. PMID 23908240.
^ Cann RL (2013). "Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans". Science 341 (6145): 465–467. doi:10.1126/science.1242899. PMID 23908212.
|
|
Created By:
System
|
|
|
|
|