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Sufism
Islam Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms Pilgrimage Texts Laws Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia (law) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Kalam (dialectic) History Leaders Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Sunni Shia Sufism Ahmadiyya Ibadi Nondenominational Quranism Five-Percent Nation Mahdavia Culture Society Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Festivals Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Science Women Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal v t e Sufism (or ta?awwuf; Arabic: ????????) is a branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam. Its essence has also been expressed via other religions and metareligious phenomena. A practitioner of this tradition is generally known as a ?ufi (???????). They belong to different ?uruq or "orders" – congregations formed around a master – which meet for spiritual sessions (majalis), in meeting places known as zawiyahs, khanqahs, or tekke. All Sufi orders (turuq) trace many of their original precepts from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib, with the notable exception of the Sunni Naqshbandi order who claim to trace their origins through the first sunni Caliph, Abu Bakr. However, Alevi, Bektashi and Shia Muslims claim that every Sufi order traces its spiritual lineage (silsilah or Silsila) back to one of the Twelve Imams (even the Naqshbandi silsilah leads to the sixth imam Ja'far al-Sadiq and Salman the Persian, a renowned follower of the first imam Ali ibn Abi Talib), the spiritual heads of Islam who were foretold in the Hadith of the Twelve Successors and were all descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and Ali. Because of this Ali ibn Abi Talib is also called the father of Sufism. Prominent orders include Alevi, Bektashi, Mevlevi, Ba 'Alawiyya, Chishti, Rifa'i, Khalwati, Naqshbandi, Nimatullahi, Oveyssi, Qadiria Boutshishia, Qadiriyyah, Qalandariyya, Sarwari Qadiri, Shadhiliyya and Suhrawardiyya.The origin of Sufism is also discussed in the book Mystical Dimensions of Islam, by Annemarie Schimmel.Sufis believe they are practicing ihsan (perfection of worship) as revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad: "Worship and serve Allah as you are seeing Him and while you see Him not yet truly He sees you". Sufis consider themselves as the original true proponents of this pure original form of Islam. Sufism is opposed by Wahhabi and Salafist Muslims.Classical Sufi scholars have defined Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God". Alternatively, in the words of the Darqawi Sufi teacher Ahmad ibn Ajiba, "a science through which one can know how to travel into the presence of the Divine, purify one's inner self from filth, and beautify it with a variety of praiseworthy traits".Muslims and mainstream scholars of Islam define Sufism as simply the name for the inner or esoteric dimension of Islam which is supported and complemented by outward or exoteric practices of Islam, such as Islamic law. In this view, "it is absolutely necessary to be a Muslim" to be a true Sufi, because Sufism's "methods are inoperative without" Muslim "affiliation". In contrast, author Idries Shah states Sufi philosophy is universal in nature, its roots predating the rise of Islam and Christianity. Some schools of Sufism in Western countries allow non-Muslims to receive "instructions on following the Sufi path". Some Muslim opponents of Sufism also consider it outside the sphere of Islam.Classical Sufis were characterised by their attachment to dhikr, (a practice of repeating the names of God, often performed after prayers) and asceticism. Sufism gained adherents among a number of Muslims as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE). Sufis have spanned several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in Arabic, before spreading into Persian, Turkish, Indian languages and a dozen other languages. Sufism and Tariqa Abdal Baqaa Dervish Dhawq Fakir Fanaa Haal Keramat Haqiqa Ihsan Irfan Kashf Lataif Manzil Marifa Nafs Noor Qalandar Qutb Silsila Sufi cosmology Sufi metaphysics Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Sulook Tazkiah Wali Yaqeen Anasheed Dhikr Ha?ra Muraqaba Qawwali Sama Whirling Ziyarat Akbari Alevi Alians Ashrafia Azeemia Ba 'Alawi Bayrami Bektashi Chishti Galibi Gulshani ?urufi Idrisi Jelveti Jerrahi Khalidi Khalwati Kubrawi Madari Malamati Mawlawi Mouridi Noorbakshia Naqshbandi Naqshbandi Uwaisi Nasuhi Ni'matullahi Nuqtawi Qadiri Qalandari Rifa'i Safavi Shadhili Shattari Suhrawardi Sunbuli Tijani Ussaki Uwaisi Zahedi Abdul-Khaliq Ghujdawani Abdullah Ansari Abdul-Qadir Gilani Abul-Khayr ad-Daghestani Afaq Khoja Ahmad Ghazali Ahmed Yasavi al-Badawi Al-Ghazali Al-Hallaj Amir Kulal Ali-Shir Nava'i Fozail al-Kharaqani Al-Qasim al-Qay?ari al-Qunawi Ardabili Ata Allah Attar Balim Sultan Baba Fakruddin Baha ud-Din Naqshband Bande Nawaz Baqi Billah Bayazid Bastami Bhita'i Bulleh Shah Dehlavi El-Desoukî Arbili Erzurumi Farid ud-Din Fuzûlî Shaykh Galib Gharib Nawaz Ghulam Farid Gül Baba Hajji Bayram Hajji Bektash Hafez-e Shirazi Halidi Bagdadi Haddad Hamadani Hansvi Harabati Baba Harooni Hujwiri ibn Adham ibn ?Arabi Iraqi Jabir ibn Hayyan Ja'far al-Sadiq Jahangasht Jami Jan-e-Janaan Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani Mir Sham ud-Din Iraqi Karkhi Magtymguly Pyragy Jazouli Jili Junayd Bagdadi Kaki Kaliyari Omar Khayyam Khusrow Kubra Mahmud Hüdayi Naimi Najib al-Suhrawardi Nasir Khusraw Nasimi Nasreddin Hoca Nathar Vali Ni'matullah Wali Nizam ud-Din Noorbaksh Qahistani Nuri Otman Baba Pir Sultan Qutb ud-Din Haydar Qutb ud-Din Shirazi Rabbani Rabia Basri Razi Rifa'i Rukn-e-Alam Rumi Saadi Salman al-Farisi Sanai Sari Saltuk Sheik Edebali Semnani Silistrevi Shadhili Shah Waliullah Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi Shams Tabrizi Shibli Sultan Walad Surkh Bukhari Taj al-Din Gilani Umar al-Suhrawardi Sahl al-Tustari Yunus Emre Zakariya Zarruq Zu'l-Nun al-Misri Abdul-Khaqeem Arvasi Abdal Hakim Murad Abdalqadir as-Sufi Ahmet Kayhan Dede Abdullah Naqshbandi Ahmad al-Alawi al-Shaghouri Ashfaq Ahmed Qalandar Baba Auliya Khwaja Shamsuddin Azeemi Baba Rexheb Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Feisal Abdul Rauf Fethullah Gülen Gohar Shahi Kusçuoglu Ghulam Mustafa Hafiz Qamaruddin Hisham Kabbani Hüseyin Hilmi Isik Mai Safoora Meher Ali Muhammad Maliki Nazim Al-Haqqani Syed Muhammad Shah Noorani Syed Waheed Ashraf Nuh Keller Nooruddeen Durkee Omar Shah Osman Nuri Topbas Qadeer Piya Raza Khan Reshad Feild Saheb Qibla Fultali Said al-Chirkawi Said Nursi Shahab Sufi Barkat Ali Syed Shujaat Tahir ul-Qadri Tahir Allauddin Tajuddin Babai Waris Ali Shah Wasif Zaheen Abdullah al-Harari Tawhid Shariah Haqiqah Art History Music Poetry Shrines Texts Portal v t e Cite error: There are tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist}} template (see the help page).
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