|
|
Artificial intelligence
|
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is an academic field of study which studies the goal of creating intelligence. Major AI researchers and textbooks define this field as "the study and design of intelligent agents", where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".AI research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications.The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence is still among the field's long term goals. Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. There are a large number of tools used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, logic, methods based on probability and economics, and many others. The AI field is interdisciplinary, in which a number of sciences and professions converge, including computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience, as well as other specialized fields such as artificial psychology.The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—"can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of tremendous optimism but has also suffered stunning setbacks. Today it has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most challenging problems in computer science.
^ Cite error: The named reference Definition_of_AI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Intelligent_agents was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Coining_of_the_term_AI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference McCarthy.27s_definition_of_AI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Fragmentation_of_AI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Problems_of_AI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference General_intelligence was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ See the Dartmouth proposal, under Philosophy, below.
^ Cite error: The named reference McCorduck.27s_thesis was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ The optimism referred to includes the predictions of early AI researchers (see optimism in the history of AI) as well as the ideas of modern transhumanists such as Ray Kurzweil.
^ The "setbacks" referred to include the ALPAC report of 1966, the abandonment of perceptrons in 1970, the Lighthill Report of 1973 and the collapse of the Lisp machine market in 1987.
^ Cite error: The named reference AI_widely_used was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
|
|
Created By:
System
|
|
|
|
|